Map

Map applies a function to all the items in an input_list.

map(function_to_apply, list_of_inputs)

例子: 常见的实现方法:

items = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
squared = []
for i in items:
    squared.append(i**2)

Map的实现方法:

items = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
squared = list(map(lambda x: x**2, items))

二者返回的结果相同,显然map更为简单。

map应用的对象list_of_inputs不仅仅可以是list这样的数据,还可以是函数,例如

def multiply(x):
    return (x*x)
def add(x):
    return (x+x)

funcs = [multiply, add]
for i in range(5):
    value = list(map(lambda x: x(i), funcs))
    print(value)

# Output:
# [0, 0]
# [1, 2]
# [4, 4]
# [9, 6]
# [16, 8]

Filter

filter creates a list of elements for which a function returns true。 例子:

number_list = range(-5, 5)
less_than_zero = list(filter(lambda x: x < 0, number_list))
print(less_than_zero)

# Output: [-5, -4, -3, -2, -1]

filter是内置函数,所以效率很高,很快。

Reduce

Reduce is a really useful function for performing some computation on a list and returning the result.

比如如果想计算整数连乘,如4!,如果使用普通的for循环来计算,效率会很差。
此时可以使用reduce

from functools import reduce
product = reduce((lambda x, y: x * y), [1, 2, 3, 4])

# Output: 24

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